When Should You Call 911 for a First Aid Emergency?

In an emergency, the difference between life and death often depends on the speed and quality of the response. While many first aid situations can be handled on the spot with basic knowledge and preparedness, there are moments when the severity of an injury or medical condition necessitates immediate professional intervention. Calling 911 for emergency medical help is crucial when a situation goes beyond what can be safely managed without professional assistance.

Knowing when to call 911 can save lives and reduce the risk of complications. This article outlines the key indicators for when a 911 call is necessary and how to respond effectively until help arrives.

1. Severe Bleeding

Severe bleeding, particularly from a major artery or vein, can be life-threatening if not controlled immediately. If a person is bleeding profusely and the bleeding cannot be controlled with direct pressure, it’s essential to call 911. Signs of severe bleeding include:

• Large, deep wounds that are spurting or gushing blood
• Blood that cannot be controlled with pressure or bandaging
• Signs of shock, such as pale skin, dizziness, confusion, or rapid breathing

In such cases, apply direct pressure to the wound, elevate the injured area (if possible), and keep the individual calm and still. While waiting for 911 to arrive, do not remove the dressing if it becomes soaked, as this may worsen the bleeding. Instead, add more layers and maintain pressure.

2. Chest Pain or Difficulty Breathing

Chest pain and difficulty breathing are red flags for potential heart attacks, pulmonary embolism, or other serious cardiac or respiratory conditions. If someone experiences chest pain that doesn’t subside after a few minutes, or if they have trouble breathing, call 911 immediately. Additional symptoms to watch for include:

• Radiating pain to the arm, back, neck, or jaw
• Shortness of breath or labored breathing
• Sweating or dizziness
• Nausea or vomiting

These symptoms are often associated with heart attacks, but could also indicate other dangerous conditions such as a stroke, blood clot, or even a severe asthma attack. It is vital not to attempt to drive the person to the hospital yourself, as they may worsen en route. Calling 911 ensures that emergency medical technicians (EMTs) can begin treatment immediately and safely transport the person.

3. Signs of Stroke

A stroke can occur suddenly, and the quicker you act, the better the chances of minimizing brain damage. If someone is showing symptoms of a stroke, you must call 911 right away. Common signs of a stroke include:

• Sudden weakness or numbness on one side of the face or body
• Difficulty speaking or slurred speech
• Severe headache with no known cause
• Sudden loss of balance or coordination
• Blurred or loss of vision in one or both eyes

The acronym FAST can help remember the signs of a stroke:

• Facial drooping
• Arm weakness
• Speech difficulty
• Time to call 911

Stroke treatment is most effective within the first few hours, so prompt action is crucial.

4. Severe Burns

While minor burns can often be treated at home, severe burns require immediate medical attention. If someone sustains a burn that is deep, widespread, or caused by chemicals or electricity, 911 should be called immediately. Characteristics of a severe burn include:

• Third-degree burns, which appear white, charred, or leathery
• Large areas of the body affected by the burn
• Burns to the face, hands, feet, or genitals
• Chemical burns or burns from electricity

In the case of a chemical burn, it’s important to remove the person from the source of the burn and flush the area with water for at least 20 minutes, if possible. For electrical burns, do not touch the person until you are sure they are no longer in contact with the electrical source.

5. Loss of Consciousness or Unresponsiveness

When someone loses consciousness or is unresponsive, this is a medical emergency. Whether it’s due to a head injury, a seizure, or an underlying health condition, a person’s unresponsiveness requires immediate attention. If a person is unconscious but breathing, ensure that they are lying on their side to help maintain their airway and prevent choking. If they stop breathing or their breathing is irregular, begin CPR and call 911 immediately.

If the individual is unresponsive but has no visible injuries, it may be due to an overdose, a diabetic emergency, or another life-threatening condition. In either case, professional medical help is needed.

6. Severe Allergic Reactions (Anaphylaxis)

Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction that can quickly become life-threatening. Symptoms may include:

• Swelling of the face, lips, or throat
• Difficulty breathing or wheezing
• Rapid heart rate and drop in blood pressure
• Hives or severe rash

If someone experiences anaphylaxis and has an epinephrine auto-injector (EpiPen), it should be used immediately. Even with epinephrine, however, the person should still be taken to the hospital via 911, as further medical treatment may be necessary.

7. Severe Head Injuries

A head injury can lead to brain damage, especially if the person loses consciousness, has trouble staying awake, or shows confusion. Additional signs that necessitate calling 911 include:

• Loss of consciousness or inability to wake up
• Severe headache or dizziness
• Nausea or vomiting
• Bleeding from the nose or ears
• Seizures

In these cases, it’s important to keep the person still and avoid moving their neck or spine, especially if a spinal injury is suspected. Medical professionals can assess the injury and provide the necessary care to prevent further harm.

8. Severe Dehydration or Heatstroke

Heatstroke is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body is unable to regulate its temperature. It’s typically caused by prolonged exposure to high temperatures, often combined with dehydration. Signs include:

• Confusion or altered mental state
• Hot, dry skin (no sweating)
• Rapid pulse and high body temperature
• Nausea, vomiting, or fainting

If a person is experiencing these symptoms, seek immediate medical help by calling 911. Heatstroke can lead to organ failure and death without timely treatment.

9. Choking

Choking is another critical emergency. If someone is choking and cannot cough, speak, or breathe, call 911 immediately. While performing the Heimlich maneuver can be helpful, professional medical personnel should evaluate the person to ensure that the airway is fully cleared and no further complications arise.

10. Severe Seizures

Seizures, particularly if they are long-lasting or occur in someone with no known history of seizures, require emergency intervention. Call 911 if:

• The seizure lasts more than 5 minutes
• The person has repeated seizures without regaining consciousness
• The person has difficulty breathing or is injured during the seizure

Ensure the person is in a safe position, away from sharp objects or hazards, and place something soft under their head to prevent injury.

11. Any Emergency Involving Children or Infants

Children and infants are particularly vulnerable, and even minor injuries or illnesses can quickly escalate into emergencies. If a child or infant shows signs of severe pain, difficulty breathing, or any of the conditions listed above, do not hesitate to call 911.

In Closing

Knowing when to call 911 for a first aid emergency is a crucial skill that can make all the difference in an emergency situation. It’s important to remain calm, assess the severity of the situation, and take immediate action when necessary. In many cases, calling 911 can provide the prompt care needed to prevent further complications and ensure the best possible outcome. When in doubt, it’s always safer to err on the side of caution and seek professional medical help.